1964 Identifying Key Contributions to Information Science Carlos A. Cuadra 15 (4): 289-295

The present attempt to identify key contributions suggests that we are far from common agreement on the conceptual, methodological, or practical contributions to the information science field.

1968 Information Science: What Is It? H. Borko 19 (1): 3-5.

Information science is that discipline that investigates the properties and behavior of information, the forces governing the flow of information, and the means of processing information for optimum accessibility and usability.

1974 The Scientific Premises of Information Science Victor Rosenberg 25 (4): 263-269.

I believe that the notion of man as a mechanical device and the notion that human behavior can be perfectly replicated by computers are fundamental wrong. ... A more holistic approach is needed. ... We must begin to look at the interrelationships between various parts of the information environment. ... To deal effectively with the transcendent qualities of human communication we must admit as scientific evidence the intuitive, the subjective, and the experiential.

1976 Information Science and the Phenomenon of Information Nicholas J. Belkin and Stephen E. Robertson 27 (4): 197-204.

...the fundamental phenomena of information science are deduced: the text and its structure, the structure of the recipient and changes in that structure, and the structure of the sender and the structuring of the text.

1977 Variety Generation--A Reinterpretation of Shannon’s Mathematical Theory of Communication, and Its Implications for Information Science Michael F. Lynch 28 (1): 19-25.

The conventional interpretation of Shannon’s mathematical theory of communication in relation to textual material is unduly restrictive and unhelpful. A reinterpretation which is based on the definition of new symbol sets, comprising approximately equally-frequent strings of characters, is presented.

1983 Entropy and Information: A Multidisciplinary Overview

Debora Shaw and Charles H. Davis 34 (1): 67-74.

The concept of entropy, from the second law of thermodynamics, has been used by numerous writers on information theory.

1991 Information as Thing Michael K. Buckland 42 (5): 351-360.

Three meanings of ‘information’ are distinguished: ‘information-as-process’; ‘information-as-knowledge’; and ‘information-as-thing’... .

1992 The Communication-Information Relationship in System-Theoretic Perspective Brent D. Ruben 43 (1): 15-27.

There is a growing recognition that information and communication are interrelated in very fundamental ways.

1994 Operationalizing the Notion of Information as a Subjective Construct Charles Cole 45 (7): 465-476.

1996 Information Calculus for Information Retrieval C. J. van Rijsbergen and M. Lalmas 47 (5): 385-398.

The theory, which is based on Situation Theory, is expressed with a calculus defined on channels. The calculus was defined so that it satisfies properties that are attributed to information and its flows. This paper demonstrates the connection between this calculus and Information Retrieval, and proposes a model of an Information Retrieval system based on this calculus.

1954 Machine Literature Searching I. A General Approach J.W. Perry, Allen Kent, and M.M. Berry 5 (1):18-22. (First of a series of ten articles.)

The lengthening time required for searching larger and larger indexes and for consultng expanding collections of abstracts has become a source of mounting concern. Modern automatic equipment is able to scan and recognize index entries made in the form of holes on punched cards, magnetized spots on magnetic tape....

1962 Indexing and Abstracting by Association Lauren B. Doyle 13 (4): 378-390.

This article discusses the possibility of exploiting the statistics of word co-occurrence in text for purposes of document retrieval. ... It is shown that the most strongly co-occurring word pairs, which are therefore ‘associated’ in a statistical sense, can be represented in the form of an ‘association map.’

1963 A Generalized Computer Method for Information Retrieval

Claire K. Schultz 14 (1):39-48.

A generalized method is given for performing information retrieval by computer. ... A block process diagram, a detailed flow chart for application to a computer, and a description of the application are provided.

1965 The Evaluation of Automatic Retrieval Procedures--Selected Test Results Using the SMART System Gerard Salton 16 (3): 209-222.

1969 Word-Word Associations in Document Retrieval Systems M.E. Lesk 20 (1):27-38.

The SMART automatic document retrieval system is used to study association procedures for automatic content analysis. ... There is little overlap between word relationships found through associations and those used in thesaurus construction, and the effects of word associations and a thesaurus in retrieval are independent. ... A properly constructed thesaurus, however, offers better performance than statistical association methods.

1974 A Clustering Algorithm Based on User Queries

Clement T. Yu 25 (4): 218-226.

1978 On the Nature of Fuzz: A Diatribe Stephen E. Robertson

29 (6): 304-307.

The imprecision of some of the concepts which are used in formal models in information science has led to a spate of attempts to apply fuzzy set theory to aspects of information science. An analysis of the various kinds of imprecision that can occur indicates strongly that fuzzy set theory is not an appropriate formalism for these models.

1981 A Comparison of Two Systems of Weighted Boolean Retrieval A. Bookstein 32 (4): 275-279.

A major deficiency of traditional Boolean systems is their inability to represent the varying degrees to which a document may be written on a subject. In this article we isolate a number of criteria that should be met by any0 Boolean system generalized to have a weighting capability.

1987 Fuzzy Relational Databases: Representational Issues and Reduction Using Similarity Measures Henri Prade, Claudette Testemale 38 (2): 118-126.

The proposed similarity measure, based on a fuzzy Hausdorff distance, estimates the mismatch between two possibility distributions.

1987 I³R: A New Approach to the Design of Document Retrieval Systems W.B. Croft, R.H. Thompson 38 (6): 389-404.

The system uses a novel architecture to allow more than one system facility to be used at a given stage of a search session. Users influence the system actions by stating goals they wish to achieve, by evaluating system output, and by choosing particular facilities directly.

1990 Indexing by Latent Semantic Analysis Scott Deerwester, Susan T. Dumais, George W. Furnas, and Thomas K. Landauer 41 (6): 391-407.

A new method for automatic indexing and retrieval is described. ... The particular technique used is singular-value decomposition, in which a large term by document matrix is decomposed into a set of ca. 100 orthogonal factors from which the original matrix can be approximated by linear combination.

1991 User-Based Document Clustering by Redescribing Subject Descriptions with a Genetic Algorithm Michael D. Gordon 42 (5): 311-322.

This article reports that clusters of co-relevant documents obtain increasingly similar descriptions when a genetic algorithm is used to adapt subject descriptions so that documents become more effective in matching relevant queries and failing to match nonrelevant queries.

1995 Machine Learning for Information Retrieval: Neural Networks, Symbolic Learning, and Genetic Algorithms Hsinchun Chen 46 (3): 194-216.

These newer techniques, which are grounded on diverse paradigms, have provided great opportunities for researchers to enhance the information processing and retrieval capabilities of current information storage and retrieval systems.

1996 Inter-Record Linkage Structure in a Hypertext Bibliographic Retrieval System Dietmar Wolfram 46 (10): 765-774.

The author explores inter-record linkage relationships of a bibliographic hypertext system through the use of descriptor term co-occurrences. ... The observed distribution of term co-occurrences using term sizes follows a complex, but regular relationship.

1997 Clustering and Classification of Large Document Bases in a Parallel Environment Anthony S. Ruocco, Ophir Frieder 48 (10) 932-943.

Development of cluster-based search systems has been hampered by prohibitive times involved in clustering large document sets. ... We propose the use of parallel computing systems to overcome the computationally intense clustering process.

1998 Application of Rough Sets to Information Retrieval

Sadaaki Miyamoto 49 (3): 195-205.

After a brief review of fuzzy sets, rough sets, and a fuzzy logical model for information retrieval, rough approximations for retrieved data are defined. The approximations are considered for both crisp and fuzzy cases.

1998 Coordinating Computer-Supported Cooperative Work: A Review of Research Issues and Strategies Jonathan K. Kies, Robert C. Williges, and Mary Beth Rosson 49 (9): 776-791.

1964 Testing Indexes and Index Language Devices: The ASLIB Cranfield Project F. W. Lancaster and J. Mills 15 (1): 4-13.

1968 Expected Search Length: A Single Measure of Retrieval Effectiveness Based on the Weak Ordering Action of Retrieval Systems William S. Cooper 19 (1): 30-41.

The new measure is based on calculations of the expected number of irrelevant documents in the collection which would have to be searched through before the desired number of relevant documents could be found.

1968 The Browser’s Retrieval Game Siegfried Treu 19 (4): 404-410.

The user starts with any single term(s) or term pair(s), ‘browses’ through the available index term vocabulary ‘aisles’ by means of a display console, and finally arrives at the game’s objective: Either a query in terms of pair(s) of highly associated terms or the conclusion that the subject of interest is not represented.

1969 Effectiveness of Information Retrieval Methods John A. Swets 20 (1): 72-89.

Results of some 50 different retrieval methods applied in three experimental retrieval systems were subjected to the analysis suggested by statistical decision theory. The analysis validates a previous-proposed measure of effectiveness and demonstrates its several desirable properties.

1975 Performing Evaluation Studies in Information Science Rowena Weiss Swanson 26 (3): 140-156.

The state-of-the-art of evaluation study in information science is analyzed with respect to 1. the scope of evaluation studies; 2. the use of laboratory-type environments; 3. the use of surrogate judges; 4. selection of variables; 5. frequency of study; and 6. comparability of study results.

1978 Evaluation of Information Retrieval Systems: A Decision Theory Approach Donald H. Kraft and Abraham Bookstein 29 (1): 31-40.

The Swets model of information retrieval, based on a decision theory approach, is discussed... . It is seen that when the variances are unequal, the Swets rule of retrieving a document if its Z value is large enough is not optimal.

1978 The Application of Multiple-Criteria Utility Theory to the Evaluation of Information Systems Saul Herner and Kurt J. Snapper 29 (6): 289-296.

1982 Optimal Values of Recall and Precision Tore Olafsen and Libena Vokac 33 (2): 92-96.

When the cost structure is known, the optimal value of recall and the optimal value of precision can be found.

1988 Performance Measures of Information Retrieval Systems--An Experimental Approach John J. Regazzi 39 (4): 235-251.

The study finds that there is no operational difference between the relevance-theoretic and the utility-theoretic model of evaluation. It further suggests the need for performance measures based upon a complex set of factors including document and information attributes, the judge, and other environmental factors, particularly the effects of learning during the evaluation process.

1992 Evaluation of Advanced Retrieval Techniques in an Experimental Online Catalog Ray R. Larson 43 (1): 34-53.

1995 Understanding Performance in Information Systems: Blending Relevance and Competence Myke Gluck 46 (6): 446-460.

The article ... reports the results of an experiment that used a generalized geographic information system to illustrate how collecting and analyzing data simultaneously from both a system and user views of performance can suggest improvements for information systems.

1996 Some Perspectives on the Evaluation of Information Retrieval Systems Jean M. Tague-Sutcliffe 47 (1): 1-3.

These problems include the question of the necessity of using real users, as opposed to subject experts, in making relevance judgments, the possibility of evaluating individual components of the retrieval process, rather than the process as a whole, the kinds of aggregation that are appropriate for the measures used..., the difficulties in evaluating interactive systems, and the kinds of generalization which are possible from information retrieval tests.

1996 the Dilemma of Measurement in Information Retrieval Research David Ellis 47 (1): 23-36.

The problem of measurement in information retrieval research is traced to its source in the first retrieval tests. ... Finally, it is concluded that the original vision of information retrieval research as a discipline founded on quantification proved restricting for its theoretical and methodological development and that increasing recognition of this is reflected in growing interest in qualitative methods in information retrieval research in relation to the cognitive, behavioral, and affective aspects of the information retrieval interaction.

1996 Evaluating Interactive Systems in TREC Micheline Beaulieu, Stephen Robertson, and Edie Rasmussen 47 (1): 85-94.

The TREC (Text Retrieval Conference) experiments were designed to allow large-scale laboratory testing of information retrieval techniques. ...groups within TREC have become increasingly interested in finding ways to allow user interaction without invalidating the experimental design.

1997 Writing with Collaborative Hypertext: Analysis and Modeling Chaomei Chen 48 (11): 1049-1066.

Markov chain models are derived from the empirical data on the use of the system.

1964 The Notion of Relevance (I) Donald J. Hillman 15 (1): 26-34.

Analysis of the problems of defining the mutual relevancies of queries and document-collections indicates that they essentially involve the problem of conceptual relatedness.

1964 The Consistency of Human Judgments of Relevance

A. Resnick and T.R. Savage 15 (2): 93-95.

The results showed that ... humans are able to make such judgments consistently..

1975 RELEVANCE: A Review of and a Framework for the Thinking on the Notion in Information Science Tefko Saracevic 26 (6): 321-343.

In the most fundamental sense, relevance has to do with effectiveness of communication.

1987 Pictures of Relevance: A Geometric Analysis of Similarity Measures William P. Jones and George W. Furnas 38 (6): 420-442.

A geometric analysis is advanced and its utility demonstrated through its application to six conventional information retrieval similarity measures and a seventh spreading activation measure.

1992 Psychological Relevance and Information Science Stephen P. Harter 43 (9): 602-615.

The objective sense of relevance as ‘on the topic’ is curious, in that it is far removed from the way in which we use the words ‘relevant’ and ‘relevance’ in their everyday senses.

1994 User-Defined Relevance Criteria: An Exploratory Study

Carol L. Barry 45 (3): 149-159.

The results indicate that the criteria employed by users included tangible characteristics of documents..., subjective qualities (e.g., agreement with the information provided by the document) and situational factors... .

1995 Topical Relevance Relationships. I. Why Topic Matching Fails Rebecca Green 46 (9): 646-653.

1950 Multiple Coding and the Rapid Selector Carl S. Wise, James W. Perry 1 (2): 76-83.

Punched cards have permitted us to take the first steps toward developing systems of information analysis capable of permitting searches to be directed to new, unforeseen combinations of entities, concepts and operations. ... The coding method to be considered, as developed by one of us (CSW) for ‘Keysort’ cards, permits coding to be based on a vocabulary of 456,976 concepts, of which any sixteen (or less) may be coded on a single card.

1959 Information Storage and Retrieval Using a Large Scale Random Access Memory J.J. Nolan 10 (1): 27-35.

The unit shown … is the first really large scale random access memory device. It is the IBM RAMAC.... The arm may be moved vertically to any of the 50 disks and laterally to any of 100 concentric recording tracks. Each track has a capacity of 1000 characters, 500 on the top surface and 500 on the bottom of each disk. Each disk, therefore, has a capacity of 100,000 characters, or a total of five million for the 50 disks.

1960 The MARLIS: A Multi-Aspect Relevance Linkage Information System--Present Position and Future Needs B.C. Vickery 11 (2):97-101.

1960 Exploitation of Recorded Information. I. Development of an Operational Machine Searching Service for the Literature of Metallurgy and Allied Subjects. Allen Kent 11 (2): 173-188.

1961 The Historical Development and Present State-of-the-Art of Mechanized Information Retrieval Systems Charles P. Bourne 12 (2): 108-110.

The last ten years of equipment development and the application of mechanization techniques are reviewed for each of several functionally separate approaches, such as punched-card systems, computer systems, and magnetic media systems.

1961 Selective Dissemination of New Scientific Information with the Aid of Electronic Processing Equipment H.P. Luhn 12 (2): 131-138.

Improvement of scientific communication is sought through machine assisted dissemination of new information. A service system is described in which a new document is characterized by a vocabulary or pattern of keywords. This pattern is then compared with the vocabularies or profiles characterizing each of the participants of the service. If a given degree of similarity exists between the two, the affected participants are notified by a card carrying an abstract. ... Profiles are kept current by discarding patterns after they have reached a certain age.

1964 Boeing SLIP: Computer Produced and Maintained Printed Book Catalogs Edward A. Weinstein, Joan Spry 15 (3): 185-190.

1966 An On-Line Technical Library Reference Retrieval System D.L. Drew, R.K. Summit, R.I. Tanaka, R. B. Whiteley 17 (1): 3-7.

In October 1964, Lockheed Missiles & Space Company (LMSC) started to experiment with an on-line reference retrieval system which uses a coordinate search strategy. ... The current system and the second-generation design using a ‘dialogue’ are briefly described.

1969 MEDLARS: Report on the Evaluation of Its Operating Efficiency F.W. Lancaster 20 (2): 119-142.

The Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System (MEDLARS) ... is a multipurpose system, a prime purpose being the production of Index Medicus and other recurring bibliographies. However, the present study concentrated on the evaluation of the demand search function (i.e., the conduct of retrospective literature searches in response to specific demands).

1975 Squibb Science Information System: Computerized Selective Dissemination, Current Awareness, and Retrospective Searching of Pharmaceutical Literature S.J. Frycki, P.A. Roskos, C.F. Gerity, I.S. Levett 26 (3): 174-183.

A combination of internally written PL/1 and COBOL programs and the INQUIRE^R data management system provide the software required to perform the operations on an IBM 370/155 computer with one megabyte of core storage....

1979 Towards Everyday Language Information Retrieval Systems via Minicomputers Colin Bell, Kevin P. Jones 30 (6): 334-339.

1983 The Use of Computer-Monitored Data in Information Science and Communication Research Ronald E. Rice and Christine L. Borgman 34 (4): 247-256.

1984 Testing of a Natural Language Retrieval System for a Full Text Knowledge Base Lionel M. Bernstein, Robert E. Williamson 35 (4): 235-247.

...a retrieval system which combines use of probabilistic, linguistic, and empirical means to rank individual paragraphs of full text for their similarity to natural language queries proposed by users.

1986 An Intelligent System for Document Retrieval in Distributed Office Environments Uttam Mukhopadhyay, Larry M. Stephens, Michael N. Huhns, Ronald D. Bonnell. 37 (3): 123-135.

MINDS (Multiple Intelligent Node Document Servers) is a distributed system of knowledge-based query engines for efficiently retrieving multimedia documents in an office environment of distributed workstations.

1988 Design Considerations for CD-ROM Retrieval Software Edward M. Cichocki, Susan M. Ziemer 39 (1): 43-46.

1991 Nonmaterialized Relations and the Support of Information Retrieval Applications by Relational Database Systems Clifford A. Lynch 42 (6): 389-396.

A new query processing strategy called nonmaterialized relations is proposed which should significantly improve the ability of relational systems to support IR applications without requiring changes to the SQL query language interface.

1991 Extended Subject Access to Hypertext Online Documentation. Parts I and II: The Search-Support and Maintenance Problems T.R. Girill, Thomas Griffin, Robert B. Jones. 42 (6): 414-426.

1991 Imaging: Fine Arts Howard Besser 42 (8): 589-596.

We look at general image quality issues including image capture, resolution, and display, and then turn our attention to the uses of imaging technology for conservation and preservation purposes.

1995 Multimedia and Comprehension: The Relationship among Text, Animation, and Captions Andrew Large, Jamshid Beheshti, Alain Breuleux, Andre Renaud 46 (5): 340-347.

1996 Evaluation of Interactive Knowledge-Based Systems: Overview and Design for Empirical Testing F.W. Lancaster, Jacob W. Ulvila, Susanne M. Humphrey, Linda C. Smith, Bryce Allen, and Saul Herner 47 (1): 57-69.

1996 Networked Information Retrieval and Organization: Issues and Questions Joseph W. Janes, Louis B. Rosenfeld 47 (9): 711-715.

The creation of guides to resources on the Internet specific to particular subjects have [sic] raised a number of interesting questions and issues.

1996 The Effectiveness of the Electronic City Metaphor for Organizing the Menus of Free-Nets Elaine G. Toms, Mark T. Kinnucan 47 (12): 919-931.

1998 Intelligent Information Agents: Review and Challenges for Distributed Information Sources Donna S. Haverkamp, Susan Gauch 49 (4): 304-311.

There are many approaches, both theoretical and implemented, to using intelligent software agents for information retrieval purposes. These approaches range from desktop agents specialized for a single user to networks of agents used to collect data from distributed information sources, including Web sites.

1998 A Smart Itsy Bitsy Spider for the Web Hsinchun Chen, Yi-Ming Chung, Marshall Ramsey, Christopher C. Yang 49 (7): 604-618.

1998 Architecture, Design, and Development of an HTML/JavaScript Web-Based Group Support System Nicholas C. Romano, Jr., Jay F. Nunamaker, Jr., Robert O. Briggs, and Douglas R. Vogel 49 (7): 649-667.

1998 Design Considerations in Instrumenting and Monitoring Web-Based Information Retrieval Systems Michael D. Cooper 49 (10): 903-919.

1998 Web Search Engines Candy Schwartz 49 (11): 973-982.

1952 Unit Terms in Coordinate Indexing Mortimer Taube, C.D. Gull and Irma S. Wachtel 3 (4): 213-218

During the past six months, Documentation Incorporated has established an experimental coordinate index under a research program made possible by the Armed Services Technical Information Agency (ASTIA). ... The procedure was not to re-index the reports but to use the subject headings on the TID and DSC cards as the basis for developing appropriate terms for two coordinate indexes, one for each group of cards. ... The method of coordinate indexing was first described in two papers prepared about two years ago by Dr. Taube.

1958 The Thesaurus Approach to Information Retrieval T. Joyce and R. M. Needham 9 (3): 192-197

...the employment of a large number of terms, when indexing a collection of documents, must somehow take account of the existence of synonyms. On the other hand, the employment of a comparatively small number, particularly if the notions represented by the terms are not supposed to overlap, makes the indexing process considerably more difficult. These disadvantages can be avoided if a thesaurus is employed....

1960 Keyword-in-Context Index for Technical Literature (KWIC Index) H.P. Luhn 11 (4): 288-295.

A distinction is made between bibliographical indexes for new and past literature based on the willingness of the user to trade perfection for currency. Indexes giving keywords in their context are proposed as suitable for disseminating new information.

1965 An Experiment in Automatic Indexing Fred J. Damerau 16 (4): 283-289.

This report describes a method of indexing documents which is based on the assumptions, (1) that a subset of the words in a document can be an effective index to that document and, (2) that this subject can be approximated by selecting those words from the document whose frequencies are statistically unexpectedly high.

1976 Development of an Integrated Energy Vocabulary and the Possiblities for On-line Subject Switching R.T. Niehoff 27 (1): 3-17.

Eleven vocabularies were analyzed and integrated.

1976 Classification from PRECIS: Some Possibilities. Phyllis A. Richmond 27 (4): 240-247.

The PREserved Context Index System (PRECIS) developed for subject indexing for the British National Bibliography is discussed as a basis for various studies relating to classification which could be made from its initial phrases, strings, entries and back-up structure.

1987 Knowledge-Based Indexing of the Medical Literature: The Indexing Aid Project Susanne M. Humphrey, Nancy E. Miller 38 (3): 184-196.

The system uses an experimental frame-based knowledge representation language, FrameKit, implemented in Franz Lisp. The initial prototype is designed to interact with trained MEDLINE indexers who will be prompted to enter subject terms as slot values in filling in document-specific frame data structures that are derived from the knowledge-base frames.

1989 Cataloging and Expert Systems: AACR2 as a Knowledge Base

Roland Hjerppe, Birgitta Olander 40 (1): 27-44.

1990 Automatic Derivation of Name Access Points in Cataloging Elaine Svenonius, Mavis Molto 41 (4): 254-263.

Results show that approximately 88% of the access points selected by the Library of Congress or the National Library of Medicine could be automatically derived from title page data.

1993 A Method for Automatically Abstracting Visual Documents Mark E. Rorvig 44 (1): 40-56.

Visual documents--motion sequences on film, videotape, and digital recordings--constitute a major source of information for the Space Agency.... This article describes a method for automatically selecting key frames from visual documents. These frames may in turn be used to represent the total image sequence.... The performance of the abstracting algorithm reduces 51 minutes of video sequences to 134 frames; a reduction of information in the range of 700:1.

1994 GIPSY: Automated Georgraphic Indexing of Text Documents Allison Gyle Woodruff, Christian Plaunt 45 (9): 645-655.

Under this algorithm, words and phrases containing geographic place names or characteristics are extracted from a text document and used as input to database functions which use spatial reasoning to approximate statistically the geoposition being referenced in the text.

1995 Interactive Thesaurus Navigation: Intelligence Rules OK? Susan Jones, Mike Gatford, Steve Robertson, Micheline Hancock-Beaulieu, Judith Secker, and Steve Walker 46 (1): 52-59.

We discuss whether it is feasible to build intelligent rule- or weight-based algorithms into general-purpose software for interactive thesaurus navigation. ... The results cause us to question many of the assumptions made by previous researchers in this area.

1998 A Texture Thesaurus for Browsing Large Aerial Photographs We-Ying Ma, B.S. Manjunath 49 (7): 633-648.

The salient components of this system include texture feature extraction, image segmentation and grouping, learning similarity measure, and a texture thesaurus model for fast search and indexing.

1956 Evaluation of Library Techniques for the Control of Research Materials I.A. Warheit 7 (4): 267-275.

With the obvious deficiencies of traditional subject headings, journal-type indexes, and classification schemes so ever-present, we are being offered three basic solutions: 1. punched cards, both edge-punched and field punched, and either hand or machine sorted, 2. the Batten or Peek-a-boo system, and 3. Coordinated Indexing using Uniterms. There are, in addition, some embryonic systems which store information magnetically, or on film, or by means of cathode ray tubes and which require expensive machines for their operation.

1957 Logical Structures in Language Noam Chomsky 8 (4): 284-291.

Many of the problems that arise when one tries to construct a device that generates word sequences directly, vanish when one describes sentences in terms of phrase structure... .

1958 Delegation of Classification R.A. Fairthorne 9 (3): 159-164.

Library classifications display lists of labels for texts, but rarely tell how to bestow the right label on the right text. ... . In other words, things are assumed created with name tags round their necks, and all we have to do is to catch them and read the tags. ... This does not quite agree with practical experience... .

1962 Machinelike Indexing by People Christine Montgomery and Don R. Swanson 13 (4): 359-366.

A study of several thousand entries in a classified bibliography... revealed that a large proportion of the title entries contained words identical to or synonymous with words of the corresponding subject heading. it is inferred that a major part of the bibliography studied could have been compiled by a machine procedure operating on titles alone, provided the machine were supplied with a suitable synonym dictionary.

1964 Use of Meta-Language in Information Retrieval Systems W. Goffman, J. Verhoeff and Jack Belzer 15 (1): 14-22.

The … meta-language terms here apply to the written records and their relations, rather than to the subject treated by these records. Examples of such terms are diagram, rehash, report, reprint, preprint, flow chart, analysis, description, discussion, table, definition, abstract… .

1969 Indexing Consistency and Quality Pranas Zunde and Margaret E. Dexter 20 (3): 259-267.

It is well known that any two indexers, indexing one and the same document individually, will select sets of indexing terms which are most unlikely to be identical.

1970 Terse Literatures: I. Terse Conclusions Charles L. Bernier 21 (5): 316-319.

Prompt literatures of organized terse conclusions may increase ability to keep up in a subject, reduce need for translation, and make information available promptly.

1971 What Makes An Automatic Keyword Classification Effective?

K. Sparck Jones and E.O. Barber. 22 (3): 166-175.

1973 An Experimental Framework For Observing the Indexing Process Dan C. Clarke and John L. Bennett 24 (1): 9-24.

An experimental framework for observing an indexing task carried out in a laboratory environment is described. The computer-based interactive Negotiated Search Facility served as the instrument which the experimenter used to monitor the indexing task and the tool which the indexer used to carry out the task.

1976 Machine Indexing: Linguistic and Semiotic Implications Susan Artandi 27 (4):235-239.

1977 On Indexing, Retrieval and the Meaning of About M.E. Maron 28 (1): 38-43.

1979 A Sociological Approach to the Design of Information Systems Donald F. Swift, Viola A. Winn, and Dawn A. Bramer 30 (4): 215-223.

Conventional information systems, founded on objectivist assumptions, are inappropriate for social scientists.

1982 Postcoordinate Retrieval: A Comparison of Two Indexing Languages Ann H. Schabas 33 (1): 32-37.

This article reports on a comparison of the postcoordinate retrieval effectiveness of two indexing languages: LCSH and PRECIS. The effect of augmenting each with title words was also studied.

1985 The Five-Axiom Theory of Indexing and Information Supply Robert Fugmann 36 (2): 116-129.

1986 Natural Language Processing in Information Retrieval Tamas E. Doszkocs 37 (4): 191-196.

State-of-the-art information-retrieval systems are found to combine the functional capabilities of the conventional inverted file--Boolean logic--term adjacency approach, with statistical-combinatoric techniques pioneered in experimental information-retrieval research and formal natural-language processing methods and tools borrowed from artificial intelligence.

1986 Subject Access in Online Catalogs: A Design Model Marcia J. Bates 37 (6): 357-376.

Design features presented are an access phase, including entry and orientation, a hunting phase, and a selection phase. An end-user thesaurus and a front-end system mind are presented as examples of online catalog system components to improve searcher success during entry and orientation.

1990 All the Right Words: Finding What You Want as a Function of Richness of Indexing Vocabulary Louis M. Gomez, Carol C. Lochbaum, and Thomas K. Landauer 41 (8): 547-559.

The implications of index-word selection strategies for user success in interactive searching were investigated in two experiments. ... The results demonstrate that searcher success is markedly improved by greatly increasing the number of names per object.

1992 A Gray Code Based Ordering for Documents on Shelves: Classification for Browsing and Retrieval Robert M. Losee, Jr. 43 (4): 312-322.

Based on these requirements, information-theoretic considerations, and the Gray code, a classification system is proposed that can classify documents without human intervention. ... The proposed system can incorporate both classification by subject and by other forms of bibliographic information, allowing for the generalization of browsing to include all features of an information carrying unit.

1994 Needs for Research in Indexing Jessica L. Milstead 45 (8): 577-582.

1994 Some Issues in the Indexing of Images Sara Shatford Layne 45 (8): 583-588.

1994 Indexing and Retrieval Performance: The Logical Evidence Dagobert Soergel 45 (8): 589-599.

This article ... defines the characteristics of indexing that affect retrieval--namely, indexing devices, viewpoint-based and importance-based indexing exhaustivity, indexing specificity, indexing correctness, and indexing consistency--and examines in detail their effects on retrieval.

1995 Automatic Thesaurus Generation for an Electronic Community System Hsinchun Chen, Tak Yim, David Fye, and Bruce Schatz. 46: (3): 175-193.

The experiment showed that the thesaurus was an excellent ‘memory-jogging’ device and that it supported learning and serendipitous browsing.

1997 Experiments with Automatic Indexing and a Relational Thesaurus in a Chinese Information Retrieval System Tian-Long Wan, Martha Evens, Yeun-Wen Wan, and Yuen-Yuan Pao 48 (12): 1086-1096.

Two important issues have been explored: whether thesauri enhance the retrieval effectiveness of Chinese documents, and whether automatic indexing can compete with manual indexing in a Chinese information retrieval system.

1998 Indexing and Access for Digital Libraries and the Internet: Human, Database, and Domain Factors Marcia J. Bates 49 (13): 1185-1205.

1967 Analysis of Questions Addressed to a Medical Reference Retrieval System: Comparison of Question and System Terminologies Barbara Flood 18 (4): 216-227.

1968 A Literature Search and File Organization Model Ferdinand F. Leimkuhler 19 (2): 131-136.

A principle of sequential optimization in search theory distributes the search effort at each stage so as to maximize the probability of target detection with the effort expended thus far.

1974 Reference Question Analysis and Search Strategy Development by Man and Machine Gerald Jahoda 25 (3): 139-144.

Question analysis and search strategy development... were characterized as nine decision making steps.

1978 Cost-Effectiveness Comparison of Manual and On-line Retrospective Bibliographic Searching Dennis R. Elchesen 29 (2): 56-66.

1979 Information Search Tactics Marcia J. Bates 30 (4): 205-214.

Twenty-nine tactics are named, defined, and discussed... .

1980 Searching Biases in Large Interactive Document Retrieval Systems David C. Blair 31 (4): 271-277.

The way that individuals construct and modify search queries on a large interactive document retrieval system is subject to systematic biases similar to those that have been demonstrated in experiments on judgments under uncertainty. These biases are shared by both naive and sophisticated subjects... .

1981 Online Searching: Measures that Discriminate among Users with Different Types of Experiences Carol Hansen Fenichel 32 (1): 23-32.

1984 Online Searching Styles: A Case-Study-Based Model of Searching Behavior Raya Fidel 35 (4): 211-221.

The model of operationalist and conceptualist searching styles describes searching behavior of experienced online searchers.

1985 An Investigation of Online Searcher Traits and Their Relationship to Search Outcome Trudi Bellardo 36 (4): 241-250.

The notion that searching performance can be predicted by or is dependent upon certain cognitive or personality traits has thus become highly suspect.

1986 Why are Online Catalogs Hard to Use? Lessons Learned from Information-Retrieval Studies Christine L. Borgman 37 (6): 387-400.

1988 A Study of Information Seeking and Retrieving. III. Searchers, Searches, and Overlap Tefko Saracevic and Paul Kantor 39 (3): 197-216.

A concluding summary of all results is presented in Part III.

1989 Information-Seeking Strategies of Novices Using a Full-Text Electronic Encyclopedia Gary Marchionini 40 (1): 54-66.

Analysis of search patterns showed that novices used a heuristic, highly interactive search strategy.

1993 Effects of Search Experience and Subject Knowledge on the Search Tactics of Novice and Experienced Searchers Ingrid Hsieh-Yee 44 (3): 161-174.

The results showed that search experience affected searchers’ use of many search tactics, and suggested that subject knowledge became a factor only after searchers have had a certain amount of search experience.

1993 Children’s Information Retrieval Behavior: A Case Analysis of an OPAC Paul Solomon 44 (5): 245-264.

1994 What Is Used during Cognitive Processing in Information Retrieval and Library Searching? Eleven Sources of Search Information Dee Andy Michel 45 (7): 498-514.

1995 Searcher Response in a Hypertext-Based Bibliographic Information Retrieval System Alexandra Dimitroff and Dietmar Wolfram 46 (1): 22-29.

...indicating that a hypertext-based approach to bibliographic retrieval could be appropriate for a variety of searcher experience levels.

1995 Children’s Searching Behavior on Browsing and Keyword Online Catalogs: The Science Library Catalog Project Christine L. Borgman, Sandra G. Hirsh, Virginia A. Walter, and Andrea L. Gallagher 46 (9): 663-684.

The SLC approach overcomes problems with several searching features that are difficult for children in typical keyword OPAC systems: typing skills, spelling, vocabulary, and Boolean logic.

1996 Affective and Cognitive Searching Behavior of Novice End-Users of a Full-Text Database Diane Nahl and Carol Tenopir 47 (4): 276-286.

Affective questions outnumbered cognitive and sensorimotor questions by two to one. This preponderance of affective micro-information needs during searching might be addressed by new system functions.

1996 Multiple Search Sessions Model of End-User Behavior: An Exploratory Study Amanda Spink 47 (8): 603-609.

1997 Qualitative Exploration of Learners’ Information-Seeking Processes Using Perseus Hypermedia System Shu Ching Yang 48 (7): 667-669.

1981 A Translating Computer Interface for End-User Operation of Heterogeneous Retrieval Systems. I. Design Richard S. Marcus and J. Francis Reintjes 32 (4): 287-303.

The interface allows users to make requests in a common language. These requests are translated by the interface into the appropriate commands for whatever system is being interrogated.

1982 A Computer Intermediary for Interactive Database Searching. I. Design Charles T. Meadow, Thomas T. Hewett, and Elizabeth S. Aversa 33 (5): 325-332.

1986 Designing Menu Selection Systems Ben Shneiderman 37 (2): 57-70.

1986 Transparent Information Systems Through Gateways, Front Ends, Intermediaries, and Interfaces Martha E. Williams 37 (4): 204-214.

1991 System Design and Cataloging Meet the User: User Interfaces to Online Public Access Catalogs Martha M. Yee 42 (2): 78-98.

The following features of online public access catalogs are discussed: the demonstration of relationships between records, the provision of entry vocabularies, the arrangement of multiple entries on the screen, the provision of access points, the display of single records, and the division of the catalog into separate files or indexes.

1992 User-Friendly Systems Instead of User-Friendly Front-Ends Donna Harman 43 (2): 164-174.

1993 An Expert System for Automatic Query Reformation Susan Gauch and John B. Smith 44 (3): 124-136.

1997 An Informal Information-Seeking Environment David G. Hendry and David J. Harper 48 (11): 1036-1048.

When an opportunistic searcher encounters an over-determined information system, less than ideal search strategies often ensue. The mismatch can be addressed by reducing the determinacy of the system, thereby making it more amenable to informal problem-solving practices.

1951 User Needs in a Microfacsimile Reader G. Miles Conrad 2 (4): 201-204.

1960 Information Gathering Patterns and Creativity. Robert E. Maizell 11 (1): 9-17.

The creative chemists differ from the "noncreative" in that the former read more technical literature on the job, ... are less influenced in their independence of thought, ... are more inquisitive and have broader cultural interests.

1960 Mooers’ Law: Or Why Some Retrieval Systems are Used and Others Are Not Calvin N. Mooers 11 (3): ii

Mooers’ Law: An information retrieval system will tend not to be used whenever it is more painful and troublesome for a customer to have information than for him not to have it.

1962 The Process of Asking Questions Robert S. Taylor 13 (4): 391- 396.

Four levels of question formation may be isolated and analyzed...

1966 The User’s Place in an Information System Edwin B. Parker 17 (1): 26-27.

We argued that information systems should be designed to maximize the amount of control by the receiver, and that, in general, the system should adapt to the receiver or user, rather than the user to the system.

1968 Some Questions Concerning "Information Need" John O’Connor 19 (2): 200-203.

1968 Psychology and Information George A. Miller 19 (3): 286-289.

An aspect of the human use of information that has generally been overlooked in the automation of information services is the human tendency to locate information spatially.

1977 The Informative Act and Its Aftermath: Toward a Predictive Science of Information Marilyn M. Levine 28 (2): 101-106.

A unit called the whomp is introduced which describes the net effect of receiving a message with both hard information and human stress points. Such messages can be said to "produce" records.

1980 Toward Usable User Studies Colin K. Mick, Georg N. Lindsey, and Daniel Callahan 31 (5):347-356.

The model focuses on variables which can be manipulated by managers--primarily environmental and situational variables--rather than on variables describing individual attributes.

1981 Information-Processing Models of Cognition Herbert A. Simon

32 (5): 364-377.

This article reviews recent progress in modeling human cognitive processes.

1985 The Dimensions of Perceived Accessibility to Information: Implications for the Delivery of Information Systems and Services Mary J. Culnan 36 (5): 302-308.

1986 Managerial Support and the Use of Information Services Francis W. Wolek 37 (3): 153-157.

The data support the belief that managers of high users of information give more encouragement for information use.

1991 Inside the Search Process: Information Seeking from the User’s Perspective Carol C. Kuhlthau 42 (5): 361-371.

The cognitive and affective aspects of the process of information seeking suggest a gap between the users’ natural process of information use and the information system and intermediaries’ traditional patterns of information provision.

1993 Environmental Scanning by CEOs in Two Canadian Industries Ethel Auster and Chun Wei Choo 44 (4): 194-203.

1994 The Role of Attorney Mental Models of Law in Case Relevance Determinations: An Exploratory Analysis Stuart A. Sutton 45 (3): 186-200.

This article examines the information seeking and evaluative behavior of attorneys as they search the corpus of law for primary authority....

1996 The Impoverished Life-World of Outsiders Elfreda A. Chatman 47 (3):193-206.

Drawing upon a series of studies that examines the information world of poor people, the author discovers four critical concepts that serve as the basis for defining an impoverished life-world. These concepts are risk-taking, secrecy, deception, and situational relevance.

1998 User Satisfaction with Information Seeking on the Internet Harry Bruce 49 (6): 541-556.

1998 Social Informatics in Information Science: An Introduction Rob Kling, Howard Rosenbaum, and Carol Hert. 49 (12): 1047-1052.

Social informatics (SI) refers to a multidisciplinary research field that examines the design, uses, and implications of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in ways that account for their interactions with institutional and cultural contexts.

1998 Work, Friendship, and Media Use for Information Exchange in a Networked Organization Caroline Haythornthwaite and Barry Wellman 49 (12): 1101-1114.

1999 Structures and Strategies of Interdisciplinary Science Carole L. Palmer 50 (3): 242-253.

Interview data reveal that scientists undertake individual and cooperative boundary-crossing research. Four research modes are identified.

1966 Characteristics and Use of Personal Indexes Maintained by Scientists and Engineers in One University G. Jahoda, Ronald D. Hutchins, and Robert R. Galford 17 (2): 71-75.

1974 Bibliographic Data Base Usage in a Large Technical Community Donald T. Hawkins 25 (2): 105-108.

A survey of the bibliographic data bases used in satisfying some of the information requests received by the Bell Laboratories literature searching service was made.

1983 Usage Patterns of an Online Search System Michael D. Cooper 34 (5): 343-349.

This article examines the usage patterns of the ELHILL retrieval program of the National Library of Medicine’s MEDLARS system.

1986 Observations of End-User Online Searching Behavior Over Eleven Years Winifred Sewell and Sandra Teitelbaum 37 (4): 234-245.

Volume of searching is directly related to the convenient placement of the terminal in the work place. Slightly fewer than half of all potential searchers actually search for themselves. ... End-users perform very simple searches, mostly using only the AND operator.

1992 An Empirically Grounded Model of the Adoption of Intellectual Technologies Barbara M. Wildemuth 43 (3): 210-224.

Detailed analysis of 43 user-developed computing applications resulted in a model consisting of five stages; Resource Acquisition, Application Development, Adoption/Renewal, Routinization/Enhancement, and External Adoption.

1995 High School Students’ Use of Databases: Results of a National Delphi Study Delia Neuman 46 (4): 284-298.

The results confirm that the major issues related to schools’ use of online and CD-ROM databases involve their role in students’ development of the higher-order thinking skills necessary to plan, design, and conduct competent and credible research in the electronic information age.

1995 Context as a Factor in Personal Information Management Systems Deborah K. Barreau 46 (5): 327-339.

Seven managers were interviewed to observe how their electronic documents were organized, stored, and retrieved.

1996 The Modern Language Association: Electronic and Paper Surveys of Computer-Based Tool Use Debora Shaw and Charles H. Davis 47 (12): 932-940.

Major changes in research habits included greater reliance on word processing and more work outside of libraries. Problems reported focused on access to computer-based resources, learning to use them, the need for instruction, and inconsistent interfaces.

1997 Factors That Influence the Use of Electronic Networks by Science and Engineering Faculty at Small Institutions. Part II. Preliminary Use Indicators Peter Liebscher, Eileen G. Abels, and Daniel W. Denman 48 (6): 495-507.

The article reports on five types of network use, E-mail, electronic discussion groups, accessing remote databases, accessing remote computer facilities, and file transfer.

1998 Topic Development in USENET Newsgroups Larry N. Osborne 49 (11): 1010-1016.

USENET topics are created, and they evolve, mutate, and become extinct in ways fundamentally different from spoken dialogue.

1963 Is Information Retrieval Approaching a Crisis? Yehoshua Bar-Hillel 14 (2): 95-98.

Scientists, so it is claimed, simply will not any longer be able to handle the flood of information... . It is a matter of simple fact, which I know from personal experience and observation and which the reader will be able to check similarly, that scientists did not spend on the average in 1962 more time on reading than they did 12 years ago, though printed scientific output has indeed almost doubled during this period. ... There must therefore have been a way out between the horns of the dilemma. What is it? Everybody knows it: Specialization.

1969 Stability in the Growth of Knowledge Manfred Kochen 20 (3): 186-197.

Merely more documents, more specialties, and more people who use or add to growing knowledge do not constitute an explosive situation... . The main idea behind the proposed logical structuring of this field is that the ‘growing literature’ organizes knowledge analogously to the way a learner, by creating models of his relevant environment, is able to take increasingly effective actions.

1972 Interrelationships of Scientific Journals Francis Narin, Mark Carpenter, and Nancy C. Berlt 23 (5): 323-331.

A large amount of consistency was found between the citing characteristics of the journals in the different scientific fields, with quite clear boundaries between fields and a few well known cross disciplinary journals as cross field information links. The separate disciplines appear to relate to each other in an orderly manner, with a natural sequence: mathematics --> physics --> chemistry --> biochemistry --> biology.

1982 Collaboration in Computational Musicology Miranda Lee Pao 33 (1): 38-43.

We suggest that such evidence supports the traditional belief that the humanist has a general tendency to work alone.

1990 An Oasis Where Many Trails Cross: The Improbably Cocitation Networks of a Multidiscipline William Paisley

41 (6): 459-468.

The wide range of influences on the field of communication in its formative years is still reflected by its eclectic ‘core literature’... .

1992 International Comparison of Departments’ Research Performance in the Humanities A.J. Nederhof and E.C.M. Noyons 43 (3): 249-256.

1993 Communication Efficiency in Research and Development Patrick Wilson 44 (7): 376-382.

If communication in research and development is efficient, then the current cognitive situation in any specialty should fully reflect all available relevant information. Available evidence suggests that communication in R & D is not in that sense efficient... .

1997 Modeling the Human Factors of Scholarly Communities Supported through the Internet and World Wide Web Brian R. Gaines, Lee Li-Jen Chen, and Mildred L.G. Shaw 48 (11): 987-1003.

1998 Hotel Cosmopolitan: A Bibliometric Study of Collaboration at Some European Universities Göran Melin and Olle Persson 49 (1): 43-48.

There are some country variations, but within each country, the differences among the universities are small, if any.

1955 Citation Indexes for Scientific Literature? W.C. Adair 6 (1): 31-32.

1960 The ‘Half-life’ of Some Scientific and Technical Literatures R.E. Burton and R.W. Kebler 11 (1): 18-22.

It is the purpose of this paper to examine the applicability of a half-life analogy to scientific literature, and to provide at least a small amount of data on which to base certain conclusions.

1962 Compilation of an Experimental Citation Index from Scientific Literature Ben-Ami Lipetz 13 (3): 251-266.

Several forms of citation index were compiled with the aid of punched card techniques from 11,000 citations... .

1963 Bibliographic Coupling Between Scientific Papers M.M. Kessler 14 (1): 10-25.

A single item of reference used by two papers was defined as a unit of coupling between them.

1963 New Factors in the Evaluation of Scientific Literature Through Citation Indexing E. Garfield and I.H. Sher 14 (3): 195-201.

More than one million citations from the scientific literature have been processed by the Citation Index Project at the Institute for Scientific Information.

1967 Bradford’s Law and the Keenan-Atherton Data Ole V. Groos 18 (1): 46.

Bradford’s methods are applied to the Keenan-Atherton data. The results do not fit Bradford’s Law.

1973 Co-citation in the Scientific Literature: A New Measure of the Relationship Between Two Documents Henry Small 24 (4): 265-269.

A new form of document coupling called co-citation is defined as the frequency with which two documents are cited together.

1976 A General Theory of Bibliometric and other Cumulative Advantage Processes Derek de Solla Price 27 (5): 292-306.

A Cumulative Advantage Distribution is proposed which models statistically the situation in which success breeds success. It differs from the Negative Binomial Distribution in that lack of success, being a non-event, is not punished by increased chance of failure.

1978 Frequency-Rank Distributions Bertram C. Brookes and Jose M. Griffiths 29 (1): 5-13.

1978 Highly Cited Old Papers and the Reasons Why They Continue to be Cited Charles Oppenheim and Susan P. Renn 29 (5): 225-231.

...it was found that about 40% of the citations were for historical reasons, but that in the remaining 60% of the cases, the old paper is still begin [sic] actively used.

1978 An Empirical Examination of Bradford’s Law and the Scattering of Scientific Literature M. Carl Drott and Belver C. Griffith 29 (5): 238-246.

The findings show that Bradford’s Law is the reflection of some underlying process not related to the characteristics of the search mechanism or the nature of the literature. The authors conclude that there is instead a basic probabilistic mechanism underlying the law.

1981 The Brillouin Measure of an Author’s Contribution to a Literature in Psychology Bert R. Boyce and David Martin 32 (1): 73-76.

An author whose presence holds a class together can be considered as an important element in this network of direct communication, and thus might well be a candidate for special funding consideration.

1981 Author Cocitation: A Literature Measure of Intellectual Structure Howard D. White and Belver C. Griffith 32 (3): 163-171.

The analysis assumes that the more two authors are cited together, the closer the relationship between them.

1982 The Theoretical Foundation of Zipf’s Law and Its Application to the Bibliographic Database Environment Jane Fedorowicz 33 (5): 285-293.

All of these--word frequency, citation frequency, and publication frequency--obey an ubiquitous distribution called Zipf’s law. ... The law has been shown to encompass many natural phenomena, and is equivalent to the distributions of Yule, Lotka, Pareto, Bradford, and Price.

1983 Bibliometric Indicators versus Expert Opinion in Assessing Research Performance Michael E.D. Koenig 34 (2): 136-145.

1984 Longitudinal Author Cocitation Mapping: The Changing Structure of Macroeconomics Katherine W. McCain 35 (6): 351-359.

Two types of scholarly ‘migration’ are observed, based on patterns of significant increases and decreases in correlations among authors--’active migration’ (the individual refocussing of a scholar’s efforts) and ‘passive migration’ (the result of reevaluation of an author’s previous contributions in the context of the rise of new problem areas).

1985 Private Acts and Public Objects: An Investigation of Citer Motivations Terrence A. Brooks 36 (4): 223-229.

1985 The Dillon Hypothesis of Titular Colonicity: An Empirical Test from the Ecological Sciences J.A. Perry 36 (4): 251-258.

In a series of recent studies, J.T. Dillion [sic] has offered a hypothesis of titular colonicity as a guide for the analysis of scientific and scholarly quality. Formally stated.... The presence of a colon in the title of a paper is the primary correlate of scholarship. ... The Hypothesis appears to be supported.... Percent titular colonicity is higher in more prestigious and more widely respected journals. ... ...theoretical research is an order of magnitude more scholarly.

1986 A Relationship Between Lotka’s Law, Bradford’s Law, and Zipf’s Law. Ye-Sho Chen and Ferdinand F. Leimkuhler 37 (5): 307-314.

1987 Two Medical Literatures that are Logically but not Bibliographically Connected Don R. Swanson 38 (4): 228-233.

This study demonstrates that certain unintended logical connections within the scientific literature, connections potentially revealing of new knowledge, are unmarked by reference citations or other bibliographic clues.

1987 Another Test of the Normative Theory of Citing M. H. MacRoberts and B. R. MacRoberts 38 (4): 305-306.

To put our findings in the terminology of citation analysis, we found that ‘obliteration’ ... does not uniformly operate in science. We noted three patterns: (1) some work is used but is either never cited or is cited rarely, (2) some work is cited mainly or only through secondary sources, and (3) some work is credited every time it is used.

1990 Applications of the Theory of Bradford’s Law to the Calculation of Leimkuhler’s Law and to the Completion of Bibliographies L. Egghe 41 (7): 469-492.

...this extension also has an application in determining the size and other properties of the complete unknown bibliography, based on the incomplete one.

1998 Visualizing a Discipline: An Author Co-Citation Analysis of Information Science, 1972-1995. Howard D. White and Katherine W. McCain 49 (4): 327-355.

1998 Invoked on the Web Blaise Cronin, Herbert W. Snyder, Howard Rosenbaum, Anna Martinson, and Ewa Callahan 49 (14): 1319-1328.

Where, how, and why are scholars invoked on the World Wide Web?

1980 Rationalization of Secondary Services: Measurement of Coverage of Primary Journals and Overlap between Services J. Michael Brittain and Stephen A. Roberts 31 (3): 131-142.

1987 A Study of Discourse Anaphora in Scientific Abstracts Elizabeth Liddy, Susan Bonzi, Jeffrey Katzer, and Elizabeth Oddy 38 (4): 255-261.

Results show a mean use of 3.67 functioning anaphors per abstract in a random sample of 600 abstracts from two databases. Testing of rules indicates high feasibility of future algorithmic recognition of anaphoric uses of terms.

1990 Syntactic Patterns in Scientific Sublanguages: A Study of Four Disciplines Susan Bonzi 41 (2): 121-131.

...it was found that the two disciplines representing the social sciences rarely differ significantly from each other, and the same is true of the two hard science disciplines. However, when hard and social sciences are compared, the differences are often significant.

1995 Domain Analysis, Literary Warrant, and Consensus: The Case of Fiction Studies Clare Beghtol 46 (1): 30-44.

1995 Toward a New Horizon in Information Science: Domain-Analysis Birger Hjørland and Hanne Albrechtsen 46 (6): 400-425.

This new view of knowledge stresses the social, ecological, and content-oriented nature of knowledge. ... The final section outlines important problems to be investigated, such as how different knowledge-domains affect the informational value of different subject access points in data bases.

1996 Using Corpus Statistics to Remove Redundant Words in Text Categorization Yiming Yang and John Wilbur 47 (5): 357-369.

1997 Disciplinary Variation in Automatic Sublanguage Term Identification Stephanie W. Haas 48 (1): 67-79.

The research presented here describes a method for automatically identifying sublanguage (SL) domain terms and revealing the patterns in which they occur in text.

1951 15 Years Experience with Auxiliary Publication Watson Davis

2 (2): 87-89.

Auxiliary Publication, accomplished by deposit of a manuscript with the American Documentation Institute and the providing upon demand of photographic copies of that manuscript either in microfilm or photoprint form, is now an accepted and useful adjunct to scientific and scholarly publishing. ...was inaugurated in 1936 and has been in operation ever since. ... Since its inauguration there have been 2, 148 documents deposited through April 30, 1951.

1976 The Biblio-Profile--A Two-in-One Package of Information: Its Preparation, Production, Marketing, Uses Lois F. Lunin 27 (2): 113-117.

...is a brief state-of-the-art report on a specific topic followed by a comprehensive bibliography.

1982 The Electronic Journal: A Progress Report Murray Turoff and Starr Roxanne Hiltz 33 (4): 195-202.

Four forms of electronic journals on the Electronic Information Exchange System (EIES) are described as divergent examples of potential journal forms that could become prominent in the future.

1985 The Personal Computer: Missing Link to the Electronic Journal? Donald Case 36 (5): 309-313.

Noting developments in computer networking and microcomputer applications, the author contends that the widespread use of personal computers will accelerate the development of electronic publishing.

1995 The Electronic Medical Record: Promises and Problems William R. Hersh 46 (10): 772-776.

1996 What is a Document? Rethinking the Concept in Uneasy Times Linda Schamber 47 (9): 669-671.

1998 The Traditional Scholarly Journal Publishers Legitimize the Web Robin Peek, Jeffrey Pomerantz, and Stephen Paling 49 (11): 983-989.

The study identified that during 1997, traditional academic publishers made significant commitments to putting tables of content, abstracts, and the full-text of their print journals on the Web. At the same time, new services and organizations emerged that could ultimately compete with, or eliminate, the need for certain segments of the industry.

1999 An Analysis of Web Page and Web Site Constancy and Permanence Wallace Koehler 50 (2): 162-180.

1961 ‘Information Storage and Retrieval’ and the Problems of Libraries Verner W. Clapp 12 (3): 224-226.

Meanwhile, because the current interest in information storage and retrieval is necessarily directed to the problems of specialist groups, it has scarcely touched those problems of libraries which arise from their efforts to serve many groups simultaneously. The new indexing methods are restricted in application and cannot yet replace the card catalog… .

1967 Libraries and Machines--A Review Burton W. Adkinson and Charles M. Stearns 18 (3): 121-124.

The application of computers to library operations is discussed... . Three phases in automation of libraries are identified: the mechanization of conventional operations such as bibliographical control processes and administrative monitoring systems; the automation of search processes based on subject matter, and the move toward new and different kinds of services that computer technology may make possible. We are in the second phase, and snagged by the difficulty experienced by computers dealing with natural language and subjective ambiguities. To move forward through phase two will require a better dialog capacity between man and machine than presently exists. Before progressing into the third phase a better identification of the purposes that our files of information are to serve will be needed.

1971 Human Factors in the Design of an Interactive Library System Caryl McAllister and John M. Bell 22 (2): 96-104.

ELMS (Experimental Library Management System) is an experimental system for total library management, operating on-line with an IBM 360 through IBM 2260 and 2741 terminals. ... This paper discusses ELMS features that facilitate user interaction, and may prove useful in similar systems: techniques for tutoring the user...; adaptability for the experienced user... .

1976 A Library Network Model William B. Rouse 27 (2): 88-99.

The performance on an interlibrary loan network is characterized... .

1979 Monograph Evaluation for Acquisitions in a Large Research Library Charles B. Wenger, Christine B. Sweet, and Helen J. Stiles 30 (2):88-92.

A computerized method of assisting monograph collection development by correlating circulation with inventory statistics is presented.

1980 Directions in Library Networking Henriette D. Avram and Sally H. McCallum 31 (6): 438-444.

Bibliographic control before and after MARC is reviewed. The capability of keying into online systems has brought an interdependence among libraries, the service centers that mediate between them, and the large utilities that process and distribute data.

1985 Cosmology and the Changing Role of Libraries: An Analogy and Reflections Richard E. Lucier and James F. Dooley 36 (1): 44-47.

Immense cultural changes are taking place in contemporary society. ... This article discusses these changes and the meaning and depth of their relationship to medical libraries. ... Only by actively debating and creatively experimenting with these and other ideas will we be able to ensure our continued viability as information specialists and managers in the future.

1993 Users, User Interfaces, and Objects: Envision, a Digital Library Edward A. Fox, Deborah Hix, Lucy T. Nowell, Dennis J. Brueni, William C. Wake, Lenwood S. Heath, and Durgesh Rao. 44 (8): 480-491.

All these efforts are leading not only to a usable prototype digital library but also to a set of nine principles for digital libraries... .

1994 Toward a User-Centered Information Service Ruth C.T. Morris 45 (1): 20-30.

This study suggests how an altered understanding of information can provide the basis for rethinking and potentially redesigning the library’s mission... .

1996 Cost of Electronic Reference Resources and LCM: The Library Costing Model Robert M. Hayes 47 (3): 228-234.

1996 Organizational Dimensions of Effective Digital Library Use: Closed Rational and Open Natural Systems Models Lisa Covi and Rob Kling 47 (9): 672-689.

We examine what constitutes effective DL use, how faculty members are using DLs, and how useful they find them.

1998 Speech Recognition for a Digital Video Library Michael J. Witbrock and Alexander G. Hauptmann 49 (7): 619-632.

1974 Cutting the NSF-OSIS Budget: Potential Disaster for Information Science and Technology Joshua I. Smith 25 (2): 77- 85.

1979 Assessing the Effect of Computer Augmentation on Staff Productivity Harold E. Bamford, Jr. 30 (3): 136-142.

1980 A Progress Report on Information Privacy and Data Security Gerard Salton 31 (2): 75-83.

1980 The Cultural Appraisal of Efforts to Alleviate Information Inequity Glynn Cochrane and Pauline Atherton 31 (4): 283-292.

This article suggests that action to alleviate information inequity should be guided by the principles of contextualism, incrementalism, motivation of information users, and more knowledge of the absorptive process that is unique to each cultural group.

1982 Information Resources as ‘Goods’ in the Life Cycle of Information Production Karen B. Levitan 33 (1): 44-54.

The life cycle phases consist of generation, institutionalization, maintenance, enhancement, and distribution. An information resource stands at the midpoint of the life cycle, integrating and coordinating the various actors and activities of these phases.

1984 Fair Use versus Fair Return: Copyright Legislation and Its Consequences Irving Louis Horowitz and Mary E. Curtis 35 (2): 67-74.

1985 National Commission on Libraries and Information Science: A Brief Overview Elinor M. Hashim 36 (6): 360-363.

1985 An Overview of Social Measures of Information Michel J. Menou 36 (3): 169-177.

The rise of the information society calls for quantitative and qualitative measures of information activities at the subnational, national, and international levels... .

1987 Ethics and Information Science Manfred Kochen 38 (3): 206-210.

1991 Information Technologies and Social Equity: Confronting the Revolution Ronald D. Doctor 42 (3): 216-228.

As a society we are giving inadequate attention to ensuring that as new computer and telecommunications technologies become more pervasive, their benefits are distributed in ways that don’t exacerbate exisiting disparities between the rich and poor.

1994 Standards for Indexing: Revising the American National Standard Guidelines Z39.4 James D. Anderson 45 (8): 628-636.

1994 The PEN Project in Santa Monica: Interactive Communication, Equality, and Political Action Everett M. Rogers, Lori Collins-Jarvis, and Joseph Schmitz 45 (6): 401-410.

An electronic communication system, especially if it is designed to accommodate open access via public terminals can allow information-disadvantaged groups (such as the homeless, and women) to exchange relevant information and engage in political action.

1996 Reading the Bones: Information Content, Value, and Ownership Issues Raised by the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act Teresa Olwick Grose 47 (8): 624-631.

...questions have arisen concerning the nature of information as embodied in objects and the moral right to access that information.

1997 SGML and Related Standards: New Directions as the Second Decade Begins James David Mason 48 (7): 593-596.

1999 Catching a Ride on the NII: the Federal Policy Vehicles Paving the Information Highway Patricia D. Fletcher and Lisa K. Westerback 50 (4): 299-304.

1979 Deficiencies of Scientific Information Access and Output in Less Developed Countries Michael D. Gordon 30 (6): 340-342.

1984 Internationality of the Social Sciences: Implications for Information Transfer J. Michael Brittain 35 (1): 11-18.

1985 Information Transfer as Technical Assistance for Development Marta L. Dosa 36 (3): 146-152.

1985 Access to Primary and Secondary Literature from Peripheral or Less Developed Countries Beth Krevitt Eres and K.T. Bivins Noerr 36 (3): 184-191.

1989 Sub-Saharan Africa and the Paperless Society: A Comment and a Counterpoint Mutawakilu A. Tiamiyu 40 (5): 325-328.

The issues... include the assessment of the relevance of the notion of a paperless library to Africa, the expected role of library and information services in narrowing the gap between the information rich and poor, and the possible inappropriateness of information technology and/or advice from developed countries.

1990 Databases on Optical Discs and Their Potential in Developing Countries S. Nazim Ali 41 (4): 238-244.

This in-house system will avoid cost associated with telecommunication tariffs and provide unlimited access.

1998 The Transition from ‘National’ to ‘Transnational’ Model and Related Measures of Countries’ Performance Michel Zitt, François Perrot, and Rémi Barré 49 (1): 30-42.

The transition from a national science model in which the national language is used for publications and other communications, to a transnational model in which a single international language (English) is used and the market is dominated by Anglo-Saxon publishers, has continued in recent decades.

1982 Value-Added Processes in the Information Life Cycle Robert S. Taylor 33 (5): 341-346.

Energy, time, and money must be invested to change useless data to productive knowledge, a value-added process.

1985 Experiments and Analysis of Information Use and Value In a Decision-Making Context M.C. Yovits and C.R. Foulk 36 (2): 63-81.

1989 Economics of Intellectual Property Rights in the International Arena Yale M. Braunstein 40 (1): 12-16.

1989 The Value of Information: Approaches in Economics, Accounting, and Management Science Aatto J. Repo 40 (2): 68-85.

It is concluded that economic approaches based on ‘information theory’ have not achieved significant practical results in a general sense, but ‘classical’ economic approaches can and should be used... .

1992 On the Market Value of Information Commodities. I. The Nature of Information and Information Commodities Abbe Mowshowitz 43 (3): 225-232.

Information is used by marketplace actors to make decisions or to control processes. Thus, we define information as the ability of a goal-seeking system to decide or control.

1996 Simulation Model for Journal Subscription by Libraries Richard E. Quandt 47 (8): 610-617.

Journal costs are thought to consist of ‘first-copy costs’ and ‘additional copy costs’; when costs rise, subscription prices are increased by publishers and some libraries, being faced with fixed budgets, cancel some subscriptions. Publishers then find that the price charged is not correct and increase subscription prices again.

1971 Curricula in Information Science; Analysis and Development Jack Belzer, Akkanad Isaac, Eugene Finkelstein, and James Williams 22 (3): 193-223.

The 7 [core master’s] courses are: Introduction to Information Science, Systems Theory and Applications, Mathematical Methods in Information Science, Computer Organization and Programming Systems, Abstracting/Indexing/Cataloging, Information and Communication Theory, and Research Methods.

1980 Education and Training for Computer-Based Reference Services: Review of Training Efforts to Date Charles P. Bourne and Jo Robinson 31 (1): 25-35.

1996 Impact of Distance Independent Education Howard Besser and Maria Bonn 47 (11): 880-883.

1989 Innovation, Pragmaticism, and Technological Continuity: Vannevar Bush’s Memex James M. Nyce and Paul Kahn 40 (3): 214-220.

This material offers new perspective on how and why Bush published his 1945 essay ‘As We May Think’ in the Atlantic Monthly.

1992 The Other Memex: The Tangled Career of Vannevar Bush’s Information Machine, The Rapid Selector Colin Burke 43 (10): 648-657.

1997 The Origins of Information Science and the International Institute of Bibliography/International Federation for Information and Documentation (FID) W. Boyd Rayward 48 (4): 289-300.

1997 Bibliography of the History of Information Science in North American, 1900-1995 Robert V. Williams, Laird Whitmire, and Colleen Bradley 48 (4): 373-379.

Beginning in 1980, the Journal began publishing "Perspectives" issues,

first under the editorship of Susan Crawford (four issues) and then, in the 33 subsequent issues to date, Lois F. Lunin. In each case the senior editor would work with a co-editor with a specialty in the designated topic of the Perspectives issue. Below, to reduce redundancy, only the co-editors are listed.

In 1994, the Journal began publishing a different kind of series--special topic issues. These would be under the Guest Editorship of a subject expert in the topic of the issue, and papers would be refereed in the same manner as regular articles in the journal.

Lists are provided below of both of these special series, arranged by year and issue number (in parentheses), up through the fifth issue of 1999, when this issue went to press. As the special section occupies most of the issue in which it is published, page numbers are not provided.

1980 (3) Online Systems in Science and Technology Alan M. Rees

1980 (6) Library Networks and Resource Sharing Barbara Markuson

1981 (2) Computer and Communications Technology Manfred Kochen

1981 (5) Cognition: Human Information Processing Belver C. Griffith

1982 (3) Secondary Information Services: Development and Future Marianne Cooper

1982 (6) Systems Methodology and Information Research Una Mansfield

1983 (3) Office Automation: Impact on Organization, User, Planner Elliot Cole

1983 (6) Videodisc and Optical Disk: Technology, Research, and Applications Judith Paris

1984 (3) Information Science: Retrospect and Prospect Robert M. Hayes

1984 (5) Artificial Intelligence: Concepts, Techniques, Applications, Promise Linda C. Smith

1985 (3) International Information Issues Beth Krevitt Eres

1985 (6) The National Commission on Libraries and Information Science Toni Carbo Bearman

1986 (4) Online Searching Donald T. Hawkins

1986 (6) Telecommunications: Principles, Developments, Prospects Larry L. Learn

1987 (1) The Federal Government and Health Information: Patterns, Impact, Expectations Joseph F. Caponio

1988 (1) CD-ROM for Information Storage and Retrieval Peter B. Schipma

1988 (2) Integrated Academic Information Management Systems (IAIMS) Marion J. Ball

1988 (5) Education of the Information Professional: New Dimensions, New Directions Marianne Cooper

1989 (3) Hypertext Roy Rada

1989 (5) Information Science and Health Informatics Education Marion J. Ball

1990 (3) Evaluation of Scientific Information: Peer Review and the Impact of New Information Technology Susan Crawford and Charles T. Meadow

1990 (6) Author Co-Citation Analysis Howard D. White

1991 (2) Integrated Information Centers within Academic Environments George D’Elia

1991 (8) Imaging: Advanced Applications Clifford A. Lynch

1992 (2) Human-Computer Interface Donna Harman

1992 (8) Information Technology Standards Michael B. Spring

1993 (4) Knowledge Utilization May 1993 Susan Salasin and William Paisley

1993 (8) Digital Libraries Sept. 1993 Edward A. Fox

1994 (5) Redesign/Reengineering of an Information Services Division in a Major Health Sciences Institution Marion J. Ball and Judith V. Douglas

1994 (8) Indexing Raya Fidel

1994 (10) Electronic Publishing Robin P. Peek

1995 (8) The Chemist’s Workstation Loren D. Mendelsohn

1995 (10) Medical Informatics: Information Technology in Health Care William R. Hersh

1996 (3) Costs and Pricing of Library and Information Services in Transition Eileen G. Abels

1996 (11) Distance Independent Education Howard Besser, Stacey Donahue

1997 (5) Implementation and Evaluation of an Integrated Information Center in an Academic Environment George D’Elia

1998 (11) Internet Issues Carol Tenopir

1994 (3) Relevance Research Thomas Froehlich

1994 (6) Information Resources and Democracy Leah A. Lievrouw

1994 (9) Spatial Information Myke Gluck

1996 (1) Evaluation of Information Retrieval Systems Jean M. Tague-Sutcliffe

1996 (4) Full-Text Retrieval MaryEllen C. Sievert

1996 (7) Current Research in Online Public Access Systems Micheline Beaulieu, Chriine L. Borgman

1996 (9) Electronic Publishing Robin Peek

1997 (4, 9) History of Documentation and Information Science: Parts I, II Michael Buckland and Trudi Bellardo Hahn

1997 (7) Structured Information/Standards for Document Architectures Elisabeth Logan and Marvin Pollard

1997 (11) Current Research in Human-Computer Interaction Andrew Dillon

1998 (1) Science and Technology Indicators Anthony F.J. Van Raan

1998 (3) Management of Imprecision and Uncertainty Gloria Bordogna and Gabriella Pasi

1998 (5) Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining Vijay V. Raghavan, Jitender S. Deogun, and Hayri Sever

1998 (7) Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Emerging Information Systems Applications Hsinchun Chen

1998 (9) User-Centered Cooperative Systems Michael D. McNeese

1998 (12) Social Informatics in Information Science Rob Kling, Howard Rosenbaum, and Carol Hert

1999 (1) Youth Issues in Information Science Mary K. Chelton and Nancy P. Thomas

1999 (4) the National Information Infrastructure Patricia Diamond Fletcher and John Carlo Bertot